Flame Retardance: A Technology for Enhancing Material Fire Resistance by Inhibiting the Combustion Process. Flame retardance refers to the application of physical or chemical means to delay or prevent the combustion of materials. Its core objective is to alter the thermodynamic or kinetic conditions of the combustion reaction, thereby making materials difficult to ignite when exposed to an external fire source, or enabling them to self-extinguish rapidly once the fire source is removed. This process effectively inhibits the spread of fire, thereby gaining critical time for personnel evacuation and firefighting rescue operations.

​In the application of polymer materials such as plastics, rubber, and epoxy resins, flame retardancy is a core indicator determining product safety and compliance. From the fire resistance rating of building materials to the insulation safety of electronic appliances, and from the flame-retardant standards of automotive parts to the thermal runaway protection of new energy batteries, the performance of flame-retardant materials directly affects whether a product can pass quality inspection and enter the market.

Brominated flame retardants dominated the market for decades due to their high flame retardant efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, under environmental pressure, they are developing towards higher molecular weight and reactive formulations.

Inorganic flame retardants are a type of flame retardant material mainly composed of halogen-free compounds. They exert their flame retardant effect mainly through mechanisms such as heat absorption decomposition, dilution of oxygen, promotion of char formation, and formation of physical barriers.

Inorganic flame retardants and organic flame retardants are not in opposition but rather complementary and coexisting technical routes. In today's environment where environmental regulations are becoming stricter and performance requirements are increasing, it is increasingly difficult for a single component to meet complex demands. Synergistic compounding and systematic design are becoming the mainstream direction of flame retardant technology.

As agents that change the nature of interfaces, surfactants can considerably impact the characteristics of pore structures in dried powder products by altering particle interactions and their spatial arrangement. This article comprehensively investigates how surfactants affect, control, and are really useful in modifying the pore distribution patterns of dried powder samples, while also discussing supporting experimental data.