Dispersants play a crucial role in the surface modification of ultrafine powders, primarily improving surface properties, dispersion stability, and subsequent application performance through physical and chemical interactions. Their specific effects can be summarized as follows:

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technology originated in the late 20th century, initially successfully applied by Finnish scientists to the preparation of fluorescent materials such as ZnS and Mn, and Al2O3 insulating films, serving the flat panel display industry.

500-mesh residue, also commonly referred to as 500-mesh sieve residue or +500-mesh particle content, refers to the percentage by mass of particles in an inorganic powder material (such as calcium carbonate, talc, kaolin, silica powder, etc.) that cannot pass through a 500-mesh standard sieve.

Electrical performance, in a broad sense, refers to various electrical characteristics exhibited by materials under the influence of an applied electric field. For powder materials (especially inorganic insulating powders), the following core indicators are usually of concern:

Electrical performance, in a broad sense, refers to various electrical characteristics exhibited by materials under the influence of an applied electric field. For powder materials (especially inorganic insulating powders), the following core indicators are usually of concern:

Bulk density, also commonly referred to as apparent density or packing density, is the mass per unit volume of a powder material in its natural, free-flowing state.

Simply put, modification is the process of intentionally altering the surface or bulk properties of a material through physical, chemical, or mechanical methods to give it functions it did not originally possess or to improve its performance, thereby meeting specific application needs.